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1.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 27(1): 52-59, feb. 2010. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-537168

ABSTRACT

Background: The first cases of Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in children were described in the United States and represented 8 percent of the total reported cases; in Chile, the proportion of pediatric cases represents 15 percent of all national cases. Aim: To describe the epidemiology and clinical course of 82 children reported to the Chilean Ministry of Health up to 2007 and to characterize more extensively a subgroup of 24 children whose detailed clinical data were available. Results: Forty patients were under 10 years old. Seventeen (17/82) of 82 cases (20.7 percent) presented in the context of a family cluster. Ninety eight percent of cases (80/82) occurred among individuals living in rural areas and 66 percent during summer months). The overall fatality rate was 36.6 percent. Fever (93 percent), respiratory distress (75 percent) and gastrointestinal symptoms (75 percent) were the most frequent symptoms encountered in the 28 children studied more extensively. Abnormal blood coagulation test were significantly associated with death while an increased hematocrit was associated with severe cases (hemodynamic unstability). Conclusion: An early diagnosis should favor early onset of aggressive treatment that could potentially save lives. Increasing knowledge on the clinical presentation of the disease in children should improve early clinical diagnosis among health care professionals.


Introducción: Los primeros casos del síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavirus en población pediátrica fueron descritos en Estados Unidos de América y representaron 8 por cientoo de los casos comunicados; en Chile la frecuencia relativa en niños ha sido de 15 por ciento del total nacional. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología y evolución clínica de 82 niños notificados al MTNSAL hasta el 2007 y caracterizar el comportamiento clínico en 24 de ellos de quienes se disponía de registro clínico detallado. Resultados: Cuarenta pacientes tenían bajo 10 años de edad, predominando envarones. Un quinto (17/82) estuvo asociado a conglomerados familiares. Noventay ocho por ciento (80/82) se presentaron en áreas rurales y 54 (66 por ciento) ocurrieron en el verano. La letalidad fue de 36,6 por ciento. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: fiebre (93 por ciento), dificultad respiratoria (75 por ciento) y síntomas gastrointestinales (75 por ciento). De los exámenes de laboratorio con significancia estadística, las pruebas de coagulación alteradas predicen fallecimiento y el hematocrito elevado está siempre presente en pacientes graves. Conclusión: El diagnóstico oportuno facilita el tratamiento intensivo precoz. La difusión de la presentación clínica infantil mejorará la sospecha diagnóstica en el personal de salud.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Disease Notification , Seasons , Severity of Illness Index
2.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 25(6): 453-456, dic. 2008. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503963

ABSTRACT

A sentinel-based outpatient and inpatient surveillance for rotavirus infection has been implemented in Chile. Aim: Update the impact of rotavirus infections in Chile. Methods: Ambulatory surveillance is performed in 14 centers from 8 Regions and hospital-based surveillance in 8 hospitals from three Regions (V, VIII and Metropolitan). Results: In 2007, 339 stool samples that represented 9.3 percent of all outpatient cases were studied of which 15 percent were rotavirus positive. A total of 2.074 children younger than 5 years of age were hospitalized representing 9 percent of all hospitalizations for this age group. Rotavirus was detected in 13.6 percent of these cases. Conclusions: In the current epidemiological situation, rotavirus surveillance needs to be sustained with increased efforts to detect cases in order to avoid underreporting. Serotype/genotype surveillance of rotavirus strains needs to be included in the near future.


En Chile, se realiza la vigilancia de gastroenteritis causadas por rotavirus en niños bajo 5 años a través de centros centinelas ambulatorios y hospitalarios. Objetivo: Conocer la epidemiología de las diarreas por rotavirus y evaluar la carga de morbi-mortalidad. Método: La vigilancia ambulatoria se desarrolla en 14 centros de 8 regiones y la vigilancia hospitalaria se lleva a cabo en 8 hospitales pediátricos de las regiones Vª, VIIIªy RM. Resultados: En 2007, 9,3 por ciento de las consultas por diarrea fue estudiada (339), detectándose rotavirus en 15 por ciento de ellas. Se hospitalizaron por diarrea, 2.074 casos, 9 por ciento del total de las hospitalizaciones en este grupo etario. De estas, 13,6 por ciento fueron por rotavirus. Conclusiones: Dada la situación epidemiológica actual, es importante mantener la vigilancia, ampliar la pesquisa de los casos, aplicar el protocolo de vigilancia establecido y determinar el serotipo/genotipo circulante en el país.


Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/virology , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Sentinel Surveillance , Acute Disease , Chile/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Incidence
3.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 25(3): 162-170, jun. 2008. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-484882

ABSTRACT

In Chile, the first cases of AIDS were reported 23 years ago, and since then, through December 2006, 17.235 persons have been notified with HIV infection or AIDS¹. To the year 2005, there have been 5.288 fatal cases of AIDS. The last available data indicates that notification rates for AIDS and HIV infection in 2006 were 2.5 and 4.5 per 100.000 inhabitants, respectively, and mortality rate for AIDS in 2005 was 2.4 per 100.000 inhabitants. Trend analysis shows a decline in the notification rate among men, both for HIV infection and AIDS, which could be a real decrease or a sub notification bias. In Chile, like in other countries of the region, variations in the epidemiologic pattern were observed considering age group, gender, educational level and geographic distribution of the population. Currently, the Chilean Ministry of Health has implemented both a surveillance and monitoring system on line, in order to improve the quality and opportunity of the information, therefore providing an important tool to HIV infection/AIDS prevention and control strategies.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , HIV Infections/transmission , Sex Distribution
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 23(4): 321-329, dic. 2006. graf, tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-441391

ABSTRACT

Since 1984 to December 2004, 14.611 HIV/AIDS cases (85 percent in males) have been reported to the Chilean surveillance system. This figure represents an incidence of 103 x 10(5) inhabitants. The epidemic affects mainly men in their active working and sexual age. The main risk factor for infection, has been the sexual contact. Universal access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed the epidemic trend. In 1997 bi-therapy and in 2003 three-drug therapy (HAART) were implemented. Mortality was 2,4 cases x 10(5) inhabitants during 2004, with a 67 percent reduction since 1984. Vertical transmission has been significantly reduced, as a result of implementing since 1995 a preventive strategy that benefits seropositive women and their newborn infant. Local experts are preparing an electronic registration system in order to optimize resources and to accede to statistics in a real time.


Desde 1984 a diciembre de 2004 se han registrado en Chile, según el sistema de vigilancia nacional, 14.611 casos de infección por VIH/SIDA (85 por ciento hombres) con una incidencia de 103/100.000 personas. La epidemia afecta mayoritariamente a hombres en plena actividad laboral y sexual. El principal factor de exposición ha sido la vía sexual. El acceso universal a tratamiento anti-retroviral (TARV) ha permitido cambiar el curso a la epidemia, en 1997 se implementó la bi-terapia y en 2003 la tri-terapia anti retroviral altamente activa. La letalidad global alcanzó a 2,4 casos/100.000 hbtes en el año 2004, lo que representa una reducción de 67 por ciento entre los años 1984 y 2004. La transmisión vertical ha disminuido también en forma significativa, gracias a la incorporación en el año 1995 de medidas preventivas que involucran tanto a la madre como al neonato. Actualmente se trabaja en la elaboración de un registro casos por vía electrónica como una manera de optimizar los recursos y contar con información en tiempo real de las estadísticas nacionales.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Disease Outbreaks , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Age Distribution , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/mortality , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution
5.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 22(2): 131-140, jun. 2005. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-417250

ABSTRACT

A contar del año 1998 se han presentado en Chile tres brotes epidémicos por Vibrio parahaemolyticus, el último de ellos durante el verano del 2005, que afectó a más de 10.000 personas. Los afectados presentaron un cuadro clínico caracterizado por diarrea, náuseas, vómitos, dolor abdominal y fiebre; 6 por ciento de los casos tuvo leucocitos fecales positivos y un paciente falleció. La cepa predominante en los tres brotes ha sido la pandémica O3: K6. El diagnóstico de V. parahaemolyticus se realizó con la confirmación microbiológica de las cepas y tipificación o por asociación epidemiológica. Las cepas fueron susceptibles in vitro a tetraciclina, cefalosporinas de tercera generación, quinolonas y cloranfenicol no observándose susceptibilidad a ampicilina. Todos los casos se asociaron al consumo de mariscos crudos o insuficientemente cocidos. Por la repercusión de este brote, el Ministerio de Salud impulsó la formación de una comisión multidisciplinaria para actualizar los aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos y microbiológicos, y elaborar una guía de recomendaciones en el manejo de esta infección.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Diarrhea , Disease Outbreaks , Gastroenteritis , Vibrio Infections , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/classification , Chile/epidemiology , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Diarrhea/microbiology , Diarrhea/therapy , Feces/microbiology , Gastroenteritis/diagnosis , Gastroenteritis/drug therapy , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/microbiology , Serotyping , Severity of Illness Index , Vibrio Infections/diagnosis , Vibrio Infections/epidemiology , Vibrio Infections/microbiology , Vibrio Infections/therapy
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 22(1): 75-88, mar. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-417246

ABSTRACT

Influenza (FLU) es una enfermedad aguda, altamente transmisible, que evoluciona en brotes anuales. La diversidad de los reservorios naturales y la capacidad de reordenamiento genético del virus FLU A, hacen que el potencial de pandemia por una nueva cepa esté presente. Las medidas de prevención incluyen el uso de vacunas inactivadas, las que están indicadas en lactantes entre 6 a 24 meses de vida, pacientes con enfermedades cardíacas y pulmonares crónicas, pacientes inmunocomprometidos, adultos sobre 65 años de edad, personal de salud y mujeres embarazadas. La vacuna atenuada nasal tiene indicación restringida a los grupos de edad entre 5 y 49 años. La profilaxis con fármacos antivirales está indicada en brotes y contactos de pacientes con factores de riesgo. El manejo considera el uso de fármacos antivirales en los casos graves. Ante una eventual pandemia se deben reforzar las medidas de prevención y hacer un uso racional de antivirales, tanto en profilaxis como en tratamiento.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Influenza A virus , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology , Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology , Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Risk Factors
7.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 20(4): 262-267, 2003. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-387925

ABSTRACT

Chile presenta un patrón epidemiológico de endemia media para hepatitis A con un desplazamiento paulatino de la edad de presentación de la enfermedad hacia la adolescencia y adultez. Desde 1975 al 2003 ha disminuido en 35 por ciento la importancia relativa en niños bajo 10 años aumentando en 197 por ciento entre 15 y 24 años. Los ciclos epidémicos ocurren cada 3 a 5 años alcanzando tasas de 80 a 100 casos/100.000 hbtes. Durante el año 2003 y hasta la fecha se han notificado 8.263 casos con incidencia acumulada de 52,4 casos/100.000 y tasas máximas en los grupos 5 a 9 años (194/100.000) y 10 a 14 años (157/100.000). La distribución es a lo largo de todo el país y su presentación en brotes comunitarios, ocurriendo principalmente en grupos socieconómicos más bajos. Desde el año 2002 se ha reemplazado la inmunoglobulina humana por vacunación en el manejo de contactos. Actualmente se ha reforzado la campaña educativa para cortar el ciclo corto de transmisión y se trabaja en obras sanitarias para terminar con el ciclo largo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hepatitis A/epidemiology , Hepatitis A/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Chile/epidemiology , Epidemiological Monitoring
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 130(10): 1170-1176, oct. 2002. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-339181

ABSTRACT

Background: Malaria was restricted to the I Region of Chile, being Anopheles pseudopunctipennis the only vector species. In 1936 the parasitosis affected more than 50 percent of the population and 62.4 percent of military recruits, proceeding from Southern regions became infected. From 1937 to 1947, an antimalaria campaign was carried out, stressing actions on the battle against the vector and the treatment of malaria infected individuals. Since April 1945 no autochthonous cases of malaria have been detected. Aim: To update the situation of malaria in Chile. Methods: 1) Imported malaria: Analysis of occasional publications on the subject (1945-1988) and the annual reports of the Ministry of Health Department of Epidemiology (1990-2001). Annual reports on the Anopheles specimens collected -mostly larvae- in the provinces of Arica and Iquique and examined in the Parasitology Unit of the School of Medicine, University of Chile, during the period 1980-2001. Results: 1) Imported malaria. A total of 24 cases were published in the period 1945-1988. In the 1980-2001 period, the Ministry of Health recorded 66 cases with 5 (8.8 percent) deaths. 2) Anophelines: Only in 1984, 1985, 1998 and 2001 A. pseudopunctipennis foci were detected. Entomological surveillance was stressed and insecticides were applied on these focuses. Conclusions: Autochthonous malaria does not exist in Chile since 1945. The detection of malaria cases in countries where the parasitosis was eradicated, can be the result of tourism or migrations. In Chile, the Environmental Programs of Arica and Iquique perform periodical surveys in localities where mosquitoes exist. When A. pseudopunctipennis is found, the entomological vigilance is stressed and insecticide applications are reiterated until the situation is controlled


Subject(s)
Humans , Malaria , Anopheles , Mefloquine , Proguanil , Chloroquine , Doxycycline , Malaria , Antibiotic Prophylaxis
11.
Pediatr. día ; 18(1): 73-77, mar.-abr. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-321327

Subject(s)
Humans , Dengue , Chile , Dengue
12.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 130(3): 281-285, mar. 2002. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-314854

ABSTRACT

Background: Human and animal trichinosis has been recorded in Chile since the late XIX century and is irregularly distributed along the country. From high rates of infection in the early 1900, the frequency of this parasitosis in man has progressively decreased. Aim: To describe and discuss the epidemiological situation of trichinosis in Chile during the decade 1991 - 2000. Material and methods: Human infection was assessed using annual incidence and lethality reports provided by the Ministry of Health, periodic photostrichinoscopies in corpses of non selected individuals autopsied at the Medico Legal Service and periodic national serologic surveys. The advise of one of the authors in an epidemic that occurred in 1999 in the VIII Region was also used. Animal infection was assessed using the annual prevalence of infection in pigs slaughtered in abattoirs, furnished by the Ministry of Health. Results: A total of 631 clinical cases with 4 deaths (0.6 percent) was recorded. A decline in the incidence, from 0.7 x 100,000 in 1991 to 0.2 x 100,000 in 2000 was recorded. The higher frequency of the parasitosis was observed in the Metropolitan, VI, VIII and X regions. Although human trichinosis has been observed in all seasons, its frequency increases in close relation with the higher pork consumption in cold seasons (45.8 percent in winter and 37.5 percent in spring). There has been a decrease of infection rates in pigs from 0.17 percento in 1991 to 0.04 percento in 1998 - 2000. Conclusions: The incidence and prevalence of trichinosis shows a constant decline in Chile. Considering the geographical characteristics of Chile, it is possible that an undetermined number of pigs are home reared and butchered without veterinary control, constituting an important source of human trichinosis


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Middle Aged , Trichinellosis , Disease Outbreaks , Trichinella spiralis , Swine , Trichinellosis , Chile , Incidence , Prevalence , Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data
13.
Santiago de Chile; MINSAL; 1998. 16 p. tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-445912
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